by Altitude: the height of an area, measured from sea level.
Antarctic Circle: an imaginary circle at latitude 66°30' S, around the south pole.
Analemma: a figure-8-shaped diagram that shows the declination of the sun (the angle that the sun is from the equator), for each day in the year. If you took a snapshot of the sun at the same time each day (from the same location), the Sun would make a figure shaped like an analemma during the course of a year (this is because the Earth is tilted on its axis and because it doesn't orbit the Sun in a perfect circle).
Antipodes: pair of points that are on opposite sides of a planet (like the North Pole and the South Pole).
Archipelago: a group or chain of islands clustered together in a sea or ocean.
Arctic Circle: an imaginary circle at latitude 66°30' N, around the north pole.
Atoll: a ring (or partial ring) of coral that forms an island in an ocean or sea.
Azimuth: the angle that a line makes with a meridian (a line of longitude), going clockwise from north.
Bay: a body of water that is partly enclosed by land (and is usually smaller than a gulf).
Butte: a flat-topped rock or hill formation with steep sides.
Canyon: a deep valley with very steep sides - often carved from the Earth by a river.
Cape: a pointed piece of land that sticks out into a sea, ocean, lake, or river.
Cartography: the study and the construction of maps.
Cave: a large hole in the ground or in the side of a hill or mountain
Channel: a narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water (like the English Channel). A channel is also a part of a river or harbor that is deep enough to let ships sail through.
Cliff: a steep face of rock and soil.
Conic Projection: a type of map in which a cone is wrapped around a sphere (the globe), and the details of the globe are projected onto the conic surface. Then, the cone is unwrapped into a flat surface.
Continent: The land mass on Earth is divided into continents. The seven current continents are Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America
Cove: a small, horseshoe-shaped body of water along the coast; the water is surrounded by land formed of soft rock.
Desert: a very dry area.
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